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清华在线同等学力英语短文写作指导

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一、考项分析

1．英语写作部分的考试要求

本部分设1题，15分。考试时间为30分钟。要求考生在规定时间内，按照题目要求写出一篇不少于150字的短文。考试形式为根据提纲作文、看图作文、描述图表或根据一篇所给的文章写出内容提要或读后感等。所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范。

2．写作典型问题

(1)偏离主题。很多考生没有审题和构思过程，有的担心时间不够，匆匆动手。结果是下笔“百”言，离题万里。

(2)汉式英语。有的考生用汉语思维表达方法，或干脆照中文习惯把文字逐字翻译成英文，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。

(3)词汇搭配不当。英语语言的一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配。词与词之间的固定搭配是长期使用形成的，看似不符合逻辑的不一定有错，而满以为正确的却不一定是地道的英语用法。

(4)表达不准确。由于有些考生词汇量小，根本无法表达自己的意思，成绩自然不会理想。

(5)逻辑关系混乱。部分考生的作文，句子之间没有过渡，段落之间没有联系，让考官摸不着头脑，不知文章所云，自然无法得到理想成绩。

(6)语法错误。语法错误主要表现为混淆可数名词与不可数名词，可数名词前无冠词，情态动词、介词、代词误用，分不清及物与不及物动词，混淆被动语态与主动语态，弄错词类(如将动词或形容词误作名词，将名词或动词误作形容词用)等。

优秀作文的标准为：(1)内容切题，有较好的谋篇构段框架，文章结构完整：紧扣主题，转承衔接自然；(2)语法基本正确，句法基本准确，句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯；(3)用词面宽，遣词造句．得当，句式、句型有变化，字数符合要求；(4)层次分明，说理清楚，语言流畅，内容充实。

不合格作文表现在：(1)文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；(2)出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；(3)词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；(4)不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。

3．写作对策与技巧

根据考纲要求，考生要想在短文写作中取得高分，首先要具备两方面的英语基本功：一是较强的句子表达水平，句子要写正确、表达准确到位，要有一定的英语修辞知识。二要具备英语语篇写作知识，这样才能适应不同类型的命题，主动灵活有条理地运用自己的语言知识和能力写好短文。此外，考生还应对作文考题有一定的了解，知己知彼才能稳操胜券。

作文判卷的原则指明了应试者应该努力的方面，因此考生必须做到知己知彼，“投其所好”：语言表达要规范，结构层次要清晰。具体技巧包括：

(1)开好头，写好主题句和第一段。要是第一段给考官留下的印象很差，即使后面两段写得再好，总成绩也要大受影响。因为如果考官看到第一段很差，一般不会相信后面的段落能有精彩语言表达和连贯的组织结构突然出现。虽然真正的内容在后面两段，但第一段在阅卷实践中给考官的初步定位和准备给分高低上起着举足轻重的作用。

(2)表达手法要灵活。要达到这个目标，考生要练就能用两种以上句子形式来表达同一个内容的本领。这样就不至于在一个词汇(尤其是动词)的用法或句型结构上没有把握时，无法调整而“卡壳”，或者写出错误的句子。

(3)避免使用生僻词汇。考生的基本水平，考官心里是有数的。文中突然出现过于生僻的词汇，会显得别扭，反倒会影响整篇写作的文体效果。

(4)句子与句子之间有一定的逻辑联系。要注意使用转折性连接词。转折连接词的正确使用，直接代表考生的英语基础能力，所以是得分的重要因素之一。

(5)段落与段落之间要注意有层次性和连贯性。各段之间的关系可能是并列、转折、递进等，因此使用正确的层次表达手法，会使文章结构分明，层次清晰，给阅卷人留下很深的印象。核心段落里一定要有层次感，看上去显得层次分明，一目了然，哪怕是机械地标明“一”“二”“三”点，也要比没有层次感好。这既是作文本身的要求，又是阅卷实践的要求。议论文从结构上而言要有逻辑的层次，而逻辑的层次必须通过语言表现，这种显示逻辑层次的语言可以称之为“航标”。“航标”可 以让阅卷人跟得上作者的思路，并且能帮助阅卷人在结构清晰的条件下，快速判断语言是否符合要求。考官每天要判阅大量毫无趣味可言的同一话题内容的作文，工作量大，极易疲劳。如果作文没有层次感，好印象也无从得来。

(6)题目所要求的全文总字数是考生要注意的关键之一。2000年以前考研作文要求不少于150字。从2001年起，要求不少于200字。字数不足是影响成绩的重要因素之一。

常言道，天下文章一大套，就看套得妙不妙。同等学力英语考试短文写作不是创作性写作，而是考查考生的语言功底和笔头表达能力。因此，提高写作的一个有效捷径就是模仿，通过模仿掌握一些通行的作文模式，然后套用，也是重要的途径之一。但是不要照抄题目给定的词语、词组和表格中的数字等。照搬原文或生硬地套用别人的话语是不可取的。

二、从词汇到句子

写作的第一步是过词正关，有很多问题需要注意，首先是选择词汇，而选择词汇的前提又是搞清楚要写什么，怎么写。这就涉及到句子形式的选择。而句子形式的选择会受要写的内容的影响。英语的句式极其丰富，数不胜数。例如表示否定的形式除not，never，neither…nor…等外，还有little，few，fail to do，anything but，let a1one，rarely，seldom，in no time，on no account，under no circumstance，by no means，other than等等手法。这些用法都属于基本语法知识范畴，考生应该注意使用灵活多变的形式。

在选择词汇上，同一个意思有不止一个表达法。但关键是选择出一个简练的说法，更要避免啰嗦和重复。记住，在写句子阶段，多余的词汇并不一定能给文章增色，有时候反而显得累赘。也要注意多样化表达的问题，在作文中不要重复用词，而使用同义词和同义词短语来表达相同和相近的意思。

近年来的出题内容主要涉及社会生活中常见题材和大家普遍关心的热点性题材。如果以城市交通拥挤问题为题的话，题目就要求考生把问题摆出来，然后提出解决方案(如建造更多道路和开辟更多公共汽车线路)。提出的解决方案既有优点也有缺点：建造更多道路的优点是降低街道拥挤程度，加速车流，但缺点是占地过多；开辟更多公共汽车线路的优点是减少自行车与小汽车数量，但缺点是对部分人可能造成不方便。因此结论是：两者结合。若以大家普遍关心的求职和面试为话题，就要求说明面试在求职过程中的作用，并列举取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……等等。

一般而言，同等学力英语作文大都涉及陈述现象和问题，然后列举原因并分析因果关系，再提出意见和建议。这种基本模式正是短文写作的共性和考生首先要掌握的要点。议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，而讲道理就是说明原因。除写出原因外，还需要写出事实、阐明利弊、强调重要性、得出结论和看法、提出解决办法和建议。把握了这个核心，有利于考生选择和确定写作基本句式。如果作文形式有变化，也建议考生将作文的思路转化到此模式进行构思和写作，一样可以取得较好的效果。

议论文写作的基本句式可以归纳为以下几种，考生可以摸索规律并练习使用。

(1)摆事实、谈现状

No one can deny the fact that since the beginning of the l980s，…

There is no denying that…

Strong evidence suggests the fact that…

… has become a household word in the past decade.

The fact that…can prove the commonness of this phenomenon in modem society.

More and more people prefer to have …

An increasing number of people are now interested in…

With China’s entry of WTO, many people…

With the advent of the computer, …

As living standards improve, every family is considering…

It is well known that…

As is known to all…

From the graph (table, chart, picture) given, it can be seen that…

The diagram clearly shows that …

According to a recent statistics, …

A recent survey conducted by…shows that 25 percent of the…

As popular saying “East, west, home is best” can prove that …

The meaning of the well known proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way”

Is best demonstrated by …

(2)表示看法、分析原因

I believe that a job interview is necessary to both the interviewer and the interviewee.

It is important (necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for people to …

In my opinion, it is necessary for top students to develop many other skills.

It seems to me that modem life cannot go on properly without …

Reading extensively is extremely necessary for students in the information age.

The chief reason lies in that fact that …

Some major factors leading to this result are …

Although different people may have different opinions on this, one major factor seems to be…

In spite of the fact that most people may prefer…I believe that …

While many people believe that …, there are certain other people who argue that…

At least three major causes contribute to this fact. First，…

The reasons for this problem can be as follows.…

Some of the reasons for such a serious problem can be…

We have good reasons to believe that …

To do things in this way has the following advantages. First,…

Therefore, to do…can really result in better results.

To take this matter into consideration, one can at least…

It will benefit us all if government officials and social workers …

Taking immediate actions to correct the situation is the most important task at present.

Adopting this method, of course, has disadvantages as well as advantages, but …

Attaching much importance to this issue can prevent…from…

This policy can surely bring much more economic returns when business companies compete in international markets.

It will not do any harm to enterprises that adopt these effective measures.

All the joint-venture businesses must try their best to overcome these difficulties.

The sudden drop in the figure can be attributed to the following reasons.

Changes that have taken place in the past five years can be explained by the fact that…

It is principally because of government’s emphasis on education that there has been such a big increase in…

Medical treatment and insurance policies have led to that fact that…

The 80% increase in the…is the result of…

（3）提出和归纳结论

In short l it can be said that…

To conclude (In conclusion), if people pay more attention to…, they will certainly…

To sum up, these three measures can…

The above discussion certainly leads to the conclusion that…

From what has been discussed, we can come to an obvious conclusion that…

（4）看图作文

The pictures indicate that there have been significant changes in the ways of communication in the last 30 years.

By showing…, the examiner tries to convey the message that…

Through the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals.

The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean resources.

The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that.

The cartoon ridicules/criticizes’ some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the advertisement of their products.

The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinations—hiring ringers, those who take tests for others.

It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other.

As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market.

At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters; which reads “Like a lamp love burns most brightly in the darker places.”

（5）描述图表

From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to 10 square meters in 2000.

As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed~ countries and that in the developing countries.

According to the charts, China’s higher education has been developing rapidly with the growth of the gross domestic product.

The number of single people establishing their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000.

From the table we can see that within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffic accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 killed.

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