天津在职研究生网:天津在职考研第一门户网站

清华在线同等学力英语短文写作指导

2010-03-04  10:40:47   www.kaoyannews.com.cn   在线咨询 

From the graph we can see that there were a total of 142 fire accidents in the city in 1999, most of which were caused by defective electrical appliances, smokers and children playing with fire.

From the chart we learn that the proportion of part-time education has increased substantially in the last 5 years.

The curve graph shows that the percentage of family income has declined sharply, accounting for only 13 percent of the total.

Forest coverage was reduced from 28 percent of total land area in 1954 to 12 percent in 1998.

There is a sharp increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively.

Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents.

Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one.

The number of death and injury was more than 3 times greater than that of the July.

And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the number of January.

The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.

Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1930.

After a steady decline for a whole decade the country’s fertility rate shows signs of leveling off.

在实际写作中,可供考生选择的句型结构是无法一一列举的。考生应按照以上部分句型总结规律,熟练地掌握一些基本句式,正确地套用。

句子是由单词构成的。如何选择合适的单词表达自己的意思,是考生应该注意的。因此,在确定写作基本句式的同时,要根据题目要求在大脑里搜索出由一系列相关词汇构成一个小词汇库。例如,看到有关环境污染的题目,毫无例外地会涉及到environment,air,water,food,vegetables,pollution,contamination,toxic,poisonous, harmful, dust, industrial waste, automobiles, acid rain, ecology, balance of nature, extinction, precious and rare plants and animals, health, death rate, public awareness, formulate, roles and regulations, take effective measures, water treatment 等等。

写作时,应该注意句子简练,能用一个词汇表达的概念或动作过程,不要故意绕圈子凑字数。能用He excused himself from the meeting because of the urgent work表达清楚的,就不用写成He found an excuse in order not to attend the meeting because he had some urgent work to do。

如上所述,写作时尽可能不要使用太大和太偏的词。如在能用house的情况下就尽可能不用residence,habitation,domicile等过分正式的词。能用destroy表达你要表达的意思,就没有必要用annihilate,exterminate,eradicate等这些你读起来懂但用起来把握可能不大的词。一个很普通的词,如果用在非常合适的地方而且用得有技巧,会得到更好的效果。请比较以下句子:

Visitors could observe a wide expanse of sea.

Visitors could see a wide expanse Of sea.

A wide expanse Of sea greeted our eyes.

第一句中observe显然不如第二句中的see直截了当和准确。如果换成第三句的被动语态结构,用比喻用法则更有生气。

当然选择什么样的词汇表达思想最合适,不能一概而论,许多时候应视具体情况确定。例如上面强调不要使用太大和太偏的词。但也会有人说,懂得使用count on和consist in的考生显然比只知道使用depend on和lie in的考生英文水平要高,这也不是没有道理。

但是阅卷人员主要看考生的语言能力,流利表达程度,而不是看你背了多少不大常见的单词。如果你使用了特别生僻的单词,假如阅卷人员都不大熟悉其意思(从科学的态度出发,这种情况是可能的),而阅卷实践中是没有人停下来找词典查阅的,那么只有你吃亏了。原因很简单:除死记硬背外,你目前的语言水平不足以写出连他都不认识的单词(除非是你熟悉而他不熟悉的专业术语)。1988年的大学英语四、六级考试作文用的是一个共同题目:吉利数字是否会带来好运?许多考生用了effective,valid,faithful以及更大的词汇,有些当然用得不准确。而相反,其中一个考生的开头句子是:Many people think that lucky numbers such as 6 and 8 can bring them good luck.But do lucky numbers really work?很简单的一个work就胜过许多别的大词和偏词而获得比较好的印象。

一句话,扎实的语言基础是写出灵活而准确的句子的前提。没有扎实的基础,写出的句子不是名词单复数不对就是动词句型出错,不是主谓语一致问题就是主动被动语态分不清,要不就是按照汉语习惯使用“因为……所以……”、“尽管……但是……”等结构,在because从句后的句子前加上therefore…或在although…从句后的句子前加上but等。写作所涉及的语言知识虽然是综合性的,但能用到的词汇量总是有限的,远小于考生在阅读中所接触到的语言点和知识面。一位诗人说过:使你疲惫不堪的不一定是远方的高山与大河,而是你脚下鞋子里面的一粒沙子。对考生来说,英语写作过程中的这粒沙子也许就是你的基础语言能力使你无法顺利从词汇走到句子。

三、从句子到段落

选择正确的词汇,组出正确的句子,还不是目的。连贯的思想是由若干个句子来表达的。句子的出现有一定的先后顺序,不同的句子在段落中有不同的作用,而且句子与句子之间有一定的衔接方式。下面我们看看怎样由句子组成段落。

1 段落的结构

一个段落一般由三部分组成:主题句(The Topic Sentence),段落扩展句( Paragraph Development Sentences)和结论句 ( The Concluding Sentence), 如:

Reasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough (1). For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger at McDonald’s, for example, costs about one-half as much as a meal at a regular restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is their convenience. For busy working couples who don’t want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative (2). Considering the fact that customers are increasing in number, many Americans like the taste of the food (3).

主题句(The Topic Sentence)

主题句是英文段落的典型特点,顾名思义,主题句就是提出段落主题的句子。它是一个段落的中心,要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间,也可以用在段落的末尾,但是对于硕士研究生入学考试来说,我们应该尽量把主题句放置于一个段落的开始,这既有助于组织材料,也可以使文章结构清楚。主题句是一篇文章的灵魂,文章的所有材料和论述都是围绕主题句展开的,因此,写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键,一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想,把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。

好的段落主题句必须表达一个完整的思想,该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开,用定义、描述、分类、解释、举例说明等手段。因此,段落主题句中必须包含段落的主旨,必须包含一个等待发展的思想。另外,一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性,它应该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容,而且一个段落的容量是很有限的,如果主题句限定的范围太宽,主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。如果以The Problem of Cheating in Testing为题作文,考生很可能联系到有些学生考试作弊等不诚实的行为。但是如果说Cheating is very common around the world或Many students do not take cheating as a dishonest act等就显得主观和证据不足。一方面,主题句不能太大,但是也不能太小。如果太大,将无法具体讨论。如果太小,将限制后面的写作。例如,既然谈论考试作弊问题,就没有必要把这个题目扩大成整个教育产业和道德范围的大讨论,也没有必要抛开话题,转而讨论个别考试作弊的人是否能成才是否能诚实地对待婚姻家庭等话题。切记在设计主题句时注意不要把不相关的观点包括在一个主题句中,否则将失去航向。

如果主题句不能确定具体的讨论范围,就形同虚设。一个好的主题句,不仅要表达作者的态度,还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求,对题目的范围进行控制和确定。

段落扩展句(Paragraph Development Sentences)

段落主题句给出段落的主题思想,段落扩展则用来发展、证明或支持这一主题思想。段落扩展句必须切题而且有序,还要层次分明。

段落扩展句是对主题句进一步的引申与发展,然而引申与发展的方法是多种多样的。一种最为实用的方法就是设问解答法,即在句子展开之前先提出一个问题,然后再针对这一问题进行解答,例如:

结论句(The Concluding Sentence)

结论句位于全段的末尾,对全段的内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点。结论句不仅仅是重复主题句提出的段落主题(restatement),更重要的是,它可以进一步强调段落的中心思想,以引起读者的重视。写结论句应该注意,其结构形式没有必要与主题句在形式上保持一致,但是所表达的内容必须与主题句在内容上一致。当然,并非每个段落都需要结论句,对于一些描述性段落也可以不使用结论句。

重点提示:

文章的开头段由一个或几个句子组成。若开头段只有一个句子,这个句子本身往往就是文章的中心论点。一般来讲,文章的开头段有以下几种常见的方式:

1)直接提出中心论点,如:

I think it is fair to pay tuition fees for higher education in China.

2)由某一普遍现象或概念开始,逐渐缩小范围,引出中心论点,如:

Knowledge may be acquired through many ways.One way of getting knowledge is from traveling. Another way is by conversation, especially one with a great man. A person may also become knowledgeable through other ways such as listening to the radio or watching television. The best way to acquire-knowledge, however, is through reading.

3)由某一具体事实或数据引出主题,如:

During the past five years,the number of Americans h11ed annually in car accidents has climbed to more than 55,000.These needless deaths on sweets and highways can be attributed to three general causes:mechanical failures,environmental conditions and errors of human judgment.

4)由名言或谚语引出中心论点,如:

Nearly  every  civilization has its equivalent to the proverb“No pains,no gains”.It means that nothing that is really worth doing can be gained without painstaking efforts and that no knowledge or skill Can be acquired Without sweat or effort.

5)设问开头,引发读者兴趣,导入中心论点,如:

Most of the ill health  we suffer could be prevented if peop1e made effort to Change their life Styles.Instead,many people continue to smoke,to drink excessively and to eat Unbalanced diets. How can governments help people protect their health and avoid premature(过早的)death?

注意:在写作文章开头段时应避免提出多个主题或论点。

论述文的开头:提问,陈述句,谚语等

图表作文的开头:In this picture(graph),you can see that…

As(is)Shown in Fig.1.…

It can be seen from the table that…

文章的结尾

文章的结尾与文章的开头一样,往往是读者最注意的地方,其作用是对文章的中心论点进一步强调或对文章就中心论点的论证进行归纳总结,给全文一个圆满的结束。常用的结尾方式如下:

1)重申开头段中的中心论点,如:

In Short,with people’s standard of living getting higher and higher,changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.

2)提出问题的解决方法,如:

Making Cities greener requires more than Widespread awareness;it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers.

3)总结展开段中的论证,表明作者观点,如:

I benefited by working in this factory.For one thing,I learned to exchange my labor for money;for.another,I made some new friends.

注意:在文章的结尾段中应避免提出新的论点,以防“画蛇添足”。

2.句子之间的过渡

句子之间的过渡有四种基本类型:使用过渡词、重复关键词和词组、使用代词、使用并列结构。

(1)过渡词包括连接副词、状语连接词。如:

分页: 1 2 3 4 5

免责声明:

① 凡本站注明“来源:天津在职研究生网”的所有文字、图片和音视频稿件,版权均属本网所有,任何媒体、网站或个人未经本网协议授权不得转载、链接、转贴或以其他方式复制发表。已经本站协议授权的媒体、网站,在下载使用时必须注明“来源:天津在职研究生网”,违者本站将依法追究责任。

② 本站注明稿件来源为其他媒体的文/图等稿件均为转载稿,本站转载出于非商业性的教育和科研之目的,并不意味着赞同其观点或证实其内容的真实性。如转载稿涉及版权等问题,请作者在两周内速来电或来函联系。