This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.

We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.

We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.

1. According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means

[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.

[B] people whose knowledge of science is very limited.

[C] the scientific community.

[D] people who make good contribution to science.

2. We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because

[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.

[B] Science affects almost every aspect of our life.

[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.

[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.

3. The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who

[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.

[B] are good at producing various gadgets.

[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.

[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.

4. According to this passage,

[A] English is a sexist language.

[B] only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.

[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.

[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.

5. This passage most probably is

[A] a book review.

[B] the preface of a book.

[C] the postscript of a book.

[D] the concluding part of a book.

答案解析：

1. 【答案】C

【解析】答案在第一段第二句，人们也该了解科学家生活在其中的亚文化群以及他们是什么样的人。第三段又讲到，有关科学社区的画面以及妇女对科学亚文化的贡献。可见科学社区即亚文化。
A. 科学家所组成种种文化群体。 B. 科学知识有限的一些人。 C. 对科学作出很大贡献的人。

2. 【答案】B

【解析】因为科学几乎影响到我们生活的各个方面。文章开综明旨点出：科学是我们文化中的重要主题，由于它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一方面，有知识的人至少需要熟悉一些结构和作用。
A. 了解激发和挫伤科学家的事情可不太容易。（比较难） C. 科学家生活在特定的亚文化群中。D. 了解科学的一般特性比较容易。

3. 【答案】A

【解析】不太了解科学的大学生或门外汉。第二段首句就点出了这本书为对科学一知半解的大学生和门外汉所写，为某些人，一直把科学看作干巴巴的事实堆砌的发霉的石屋的人；为那种把科学的主要目的视为生产小配件的人；为那些把科学视为某种魔术的人而写。这说明主要为A项人所写，对科学了解不多的大学生和普通人。
B. 善于生产各种小配件。 C. 在干巴巴的事实堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相对科学有肤浅了解的人。

4. 【答案】D

【解析】不应当用阳性的名词和代词去指科学家。
A. 英语是一种性别语言。 B. 只有在科学领域中，妇女的作用增长很快。 C. 妇女在晓民我们语言中的不适当性作出了巨大的贡献。根据此题注释说明这三项都不对。英语不能说成是有性别的语言，其中虽有些词性表示男性或女性。文内明确指科学界妇女增多是整个社会的趋势的组成部分。由于妇女在科学界的贡献，所以不能再用阳性名词或代词去指科学界，并不是在消灭语言。

5. 【答案】B

【解析】A. 书的评论。B 书的前言 C. 书跋、书的附录。 D. 书的结论部分。

These invaders try to take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’ nutrients. If they succeed, we become sick or, sometimes, even die. It’s the job of our immune systems to destroy these invaders before they destroy us.

Say you picked up a flu virus last week. Perhaps it entered your body through a cut, from a drinking glass, or from the air you breathe. Of course, you didn’t feel it, but the virus made its way into your bloodstream. As soon as it entered your body, it began to reproduce. Viruses have only one goal: to take over your cells. Once inside your body, viruses try to enter cells and disrupt their normal work. If left alone, these viruses would hurt so many cells that you would weaken, or worse, get a serious disease.
But this flu virus should not be so complacent as it seems to be. As it reproduces in your bloodstream, the virus is met by a certain kind of white blood cell, the lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are the foot soldiers that keep you alive.

The number of lymphocytes in your body is hard to imagine. Thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of this sentence. Your body holds about a trillion—that’s 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 of them, or about 3, 000 in every drop of blood. Since you began reading this sentence, over 800, 000 of them have been created and destroyed.

Some of these lymphocytes pass through a small walnut-sized organ called the thymus. The thymus is the base of the neck. Here, special hormones turn lymphocytes into fighting cells, called T cells.
T cells have one terrific talent：they can tell the difference between friend and foe；what should be in our bodies and what shouldn’t. They do not affect the body’s healthy cells. Yet they attack everything that is foreign to our bodies, such germs, transplants, and even our own cells which have become abnormal, as in the case of cancer.

1. What is the function of our immune system？

A. To take over our tissues and feed off our bodies’nutrients.

B. To prevent bacteria or germs from entering the body.

C. To destroy the troublemakers in order that they might not hurt the body.

D. To fight against T cells.

2. What does the word “lymphocytes” in Para.4 mean？

A. Foot soldiers. B. Flu virus.

C. White blood cells. D. Trouble makers.

3. The last sentence in Para.5 “Since you began reading this sentence, over 800, 000 of them have been created and destroyed” implies that .

A. this sentence contributes to the increase of the number of lymphocytes in your body

B. you would not realize that lymphocytes reproduce themselves rapidly but for this sentence

C. because you read this sentence, a large number of lymphocytes have been consumed

D. the number of lymphocytes in your body is extremely large

4. Which of the following questions can NOT be detected by T cells？

A. Thymus. B. Transplants.

C. Cancer cells. D. Healthy cells.

5. Which of the following questions best summaries the main idea of the whole passage？

A. How does the immune system attack the flu virus？

B. How does the immune system function in our body？

C. How do the lymphocytes work in our body？

D. What is the so-called immune system？

答案与解析：

1. 【答案】C.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案+题干关键词≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话+题干关键词。根据题干关键词“the function of our immune system”回查它在原文中的位置：第一段第二句“It identifies，tracks down，and destroys troublemakers before they can hurt the body”，据此来判断哪个答案选项与它表达最为近似即可。因此，正确答案是C选项。

2. 【答案】C.

【解析】词义猜测题。可套用公式正确答案≈上下文中对该词的解释。根据第四段第二句中的“the virus is met by a certain kind of white blood cell，the lymphocytes”的表述可知the lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）是a certain kind of white blood cell（白血细胞的一种类型）的同位语，也就是用相关的科学术语重述解释相应的现象或事物，二者的含义相同。故正确答案是C选项。

3. 【答案】D.

【解析】例证释义题。回查作者在原文第五段中举的一个非常形象的例子，来说明该段的主题句“The number of lymphocytes in your body is hard to imagine”。这句话只是用具体的数字说明了白血球的数量大得惊人，和“reading this sentence”本身无关，所以正确答案是D选项。

4. 【答案】A.

【解析】推断题。根据题干关键词T cells 可以迅速找到其在原文中的出处，即全文最后一段。特别是根据该段段首句“T cells have one terrific talent：they can tell the difference between friend and foe”可知T cells可以区别敌人和朋友。而且该段下文中指明了朋友是Healthy cells，敌人是transplants和 our own cells which have become abnormal，as in the case of cancer。因此，B、C、D三个选项都是T cells可以察觉到的；只有A选项既不是敌人也不是朋友，而是颈部的一个器官。

5. 【答案】B.

【解析】主旨题。可套用公式主旨≠文章某一部分的内容，利用排除法做题。A选项只是涵盖了第二段的内容，只是作者为了解释免疫系统的作用所举的一个例子，不是文章的主旨；C选项也只是文章第四、第五段所讨论的内容，讲的仅是免疫系统中一种细胞的作用；D选项只涉及了文章第一段的内容，也只是解释了什么是免疫系统而已。以上三个选项都不够全面，所以都应予以排除。只有B选项最为全面和准确地概括了全文的主旨：人体免疫系统是怎样发挥作用的。

The poor old consumer! He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.

Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.

We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads.’ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ‘hatch, match and dispatch’ column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or ‘agony’ column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!

1. What is main idea of this passage?

A. Advertisement.

B. The benefits of advertisement.

C. Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.

D. The costs of advertisement.

2. The attitude of the author toward advertisers is

A. appreciative.

B. trustworthy.

C. critical.

D. dissatisfactory.

3. Why do the critics criticize advertisers?

A. Because advertisers often brag.

B. Because critics think advertisement is a “waste of money”.

C. Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary.

D. Because customers pay more.

4. Which of the following is Not True?

A. Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything.

B. We can buy what we want.

C. Good quality products don’t need to be advertised.

D. Advertisement makes our life colorful.

5. The passage is

A. Narration.

B. Description.

C. Criticism.

D. Argumentation.

答案解析：

1. 【答案】C.

【解析】广告对社会的服务很有用。A. 广告。太笼统。B. 广告之优点。文章不是讲优点，而是讲服务于社会的功能。D. 广告费用。

2. 【答案】A. 欣赏/赞赏。

【解析】作者提出种种功能，是为了反驳第一段内提到的论点：完全是非生产企业每年吸收几百万镑，这说明这些大公司利润有多高。最重要的是消费者付的广告费等。反驳更说明了A项对。
B. 值得信任。 C. 批评。 D. 不满意。

3. 【答案】A.

【解析】因为广告商常常爱吹。B. 因为批评者认为广告浪费钱。 C. 因为广告促使消费者购买不必要的东西。 D. 因为消费者支付更多。

4. 【答案】C.

【解析】优质产品不需要广告。一切产品都需要广告，新产品、老产品都需要。
A. 广告对我们的口袋作出贡献。 B. 我们可以买到我们所需的。 D. 广告使我们生活丰富多彩。这三条都提到也是真实的。

5. 【答案】C.

【解析】文章一开始就提到对广告的批评，然后作者以对比的手法说明其功能。
A. 叙事。B. 描写。 D. 议论。

The government responded to the universities’ threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人), Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.

Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money-but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance, from business.

Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing’s advice, hoping it will not be too late-some are already reported to be in financial difficulty.
As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as “consumers”.

The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers’ organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities”.

1. The chief concern of British universities is __________.

A. how to tackle their present financial difficulty

B. how to improve their educational technology

C. how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprises

D. how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration

2. We can learn from the passage that in Britain __________.

A. higher education is provided free of charge

B. universities are mainly funded by businesses

C. the government pays dearly for its financial policy

D. students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition

3. What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?
A. About 15％． B. 20%or so.

C. Below 10％． D. Above 30％．

4. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.

A. British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality

B. the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts

C. the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education

D. British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future

5. Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?

A. British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.

B. Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education.

C. British universities should help fight competition on world markets.

D. European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world.

参考答案：

1. 【答案】A

【解析】本题问英国大学主要关注的是什么。从第一段中，我们可以了解到英国大学警告说传统的免费教育将不复存在，因为学生人数的迅速增加，已使大学不堪重负。大学当局还威胁说要对学生人学收费以弥补收入的不足。所以，本题的正确答案应是A“如何解决目前的经费困难”。而B“如何改进教育技术”，C“如何扩大招生以满足企业的需求”，D“如何结束目前教育质量下滑的趋势”，这三个选项都不是本题的正确答案。

2. 【答案】A

【解析】本题问我们可以从文章中了解到英国如何。与此题答案相关的信息可以从第一段第一句话中找到。这句话指出，英国大学警告说免费教育的传统正在受到威胁。这正好是A项表达的含义：即在英国提供免费的高等教育。因此，本题的正确答案应是A。而其余三项均与原文不符。B“大学经费主要由企业提供”，C“政府为其财政政策支付大量资金”，D“学生乐于接受学费贷款计划”，这三个都是错误的。

3. 【答案】C

【解析】本题是一判断推算题。问30年前英国中学毕业生上大学的比率是多少。我们很难从文中直接找到答案。但是文中有提示信息，只不过需要我们稍微分析计算一下即可。文中第三段告诉我们：“三个人中就有一个在中学毕业后进人高等学校。这个数字是30年前那次统计时数量的5倍。”这句话清楚地告诉我们，30年前，进人高等学校的中学毕业生15个人中才有1个，即不到7%。所以，本题的正确答案应是C“低于10％”。

4. 【答案】D

【解析】本题是一道推断题。问从文章中我们可以推断出什么。针对四个选项所给的内容，利用查阅式阅读法，结合原文相关信息，我们发现文章第五段第一句话“Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs.”中“contribute to tuition costs’，就是“为学费出一份力，起一份作用”的意思，句中“should”表示虚拟，这正好与选项D表达的意思相一致。因此，本题的正确答案应是D“英国的学生可能在不久的将来要为其所受的高等教育付费”。

5. 【答案】B

【解析】本题是一道具体细节题。问下面哪个是《泰晤士报》的观点。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以从最后一段的最后一句话中找到与问题答案相关的信息。文章指出，《泰晤士报》不仅有与英国企业家联合会相同的观点：扩大高等教育以便有助于与蓬勃发展的亚洲经济在世界市场上竞争，而且还有它自己的观点：由于严格的导师制让位于欧洲大学所普遍采用的大规模生产的方法，以至于学生人数的迅猛增长将使教育质量受到损害。这种观点正是选项B所要表达的内容，即：扩大招生人数必定会影响英国教育的质量。因此，本题的正确答案应是B。

Privatization, or the threat of it，is a motivation as well. Monopolies（垄断者）that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls“the revengeful（报复的）consumer”. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry,“People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖), has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.

1. It may be inferred from the passage that .

A. customer service in Israel is now improving

B. wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please

C. the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel

D. Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones

2. In the author’ s view，higher service standards are impossible in Israel .

A. if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management

B. unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers

C. if there’s no competition among companies

D. without strict routine training of employees

3. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, .

A. they can have it fixed in no time

B. it’s no longer necessary to make an appointment

C. the appointment takes only half a day to make

D. they only have to wait half an hour at most

4. The example of El Al Airlines shows that .

A. revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises

B. an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty

C. a good slogan has great potential for improving service

D. staff retraining is essential for better service

5. Why did Bezaq’ s international branch lose 40% of its market share？

A. Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.

B. Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.

C. Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.

D. Because it no longer received any support from the government.

答案解析：

1. 【答案】A.

【解析】归纳推断题。首先，从原文第一段第三句“Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere，Israelis are returning home expecting the same”可知：由于在国外享受到了更高质量的服务，以色列人回到国内后也要求同样质量的服务。其次，从第一段所举的已落脚以色列的肯德基、麦当劳等国外连锁店优质服务也给以色列的服务行业带来了竞争和压力。基于这两方面的原因，可以推断出：以色列的服务质量正在提高。因此，正确答案是A选项，而其他选项均与原文表述不符。

2. 【答案】C.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话—题干关键词。根据对原文第一段主要意思的把握和对第26题的分析可知：题干关键词“higher service standards are impossible”等同于原文第一段最后一句“Nothing happens without competition”中的“Nothing happens”。因此，去掉该词后所剩部分“without competition”就是答案所在，据此可找到答案选项中与它同义的表达C选项。从原文无法推出其他三个选项所表达的含义。
3. D. 细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话—题干关键词。 根据题干关键词“a repairman in case of a power failure”可迅速找到它在原文中的出处——第二段第五句。题干中的“a power failure”（停电）对应的是原句中的“The electric company”。但是，该句本身只是概括地介绍了现在不需要使用者等待半天的时间，并没有说明现在究竟要等多长时间。真正的答案出现在第六句“Now，appointments are scheduled to the half-hour”。因此，正确答案是D选项。

4. 【答案】A.

【解析】细节题中的例子说明题型。可套用公式正确答案≈具体事例前的概述语。El Al Airlines的例子和前面的Bezaq电话公司、电力公司例子一样都是用来说明第二段的主要内容：第二段第二句“Monopolies（垄断者）that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry，a marketing professor，calls‘the revengeful（报复的）consumer.’”的具体事例。因此，正确答案是A选项。

5. 【答案】B.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话—题干关键词。根据题干关键词“Bezaq’s international branch lose 40% of its market share”可迅速找到它在原文中的出处——原文第二段第三句。正确答案在紧随其后的第四句“People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service”中。据此可在答案选项中寻找相似的表达。因此，正确答案是B选项。

The same man who will step aside for a stranger at a doorway will, when behind the wheel, risk an accident trying to beat another motorist through an intersection. The importance of emotional factors in automobile accidents is gaining recognition. Doctors and other scientists have concluded that the highway death toll resembles a disease epedemic and should be investigated as such.

Dr. Ross McFarland, Associate Professor of Industrial Hygiene at the Harvard University School of Public Health, said that accidents“now constitute a greater threat to the safety of large segments of the population than diseases do”.

Accidents are the leading cause of death between the ages of 1 and 35. About one third of all accidental deaths and one seventh of all accidental injuries are caused by motor vehicles.

Based on the present rate of vehicle registration, unless the accident rate is cut in half, one of every 10 persons in the country will be killed or injured in a traffic accident in the next 15 years.

Research to find the underlying causes of accidents and to develop ways to detect drivers who are apt to cause them is being conducted at universities and medical centers. Here are some of their findings so far.
A man drives as he lives. If he is often in trouble with collection agencies, the courts, and police, chances are he will have repeated automobile accidents. Accident repeaters usually are egocentric, exhibitionistic, resentful of authority, impulsive, and lacking in social responsibility. As a group, they can be classified as borderline psychopathic personalities, according to Dr. Mr Farland.

The suspicion, however, that accident repeaters could be detected in advance by screening out persons with more hostile impulses is false. A study at the University of Colorado showed that there were just as many overly hostile persons among those who had no accidents as among those with repeated accidents.

Psychologists currently are studying Denver high school pupils to test the validity of this concept. They are making psychological evaluations of the pupils to see whether subsequent driving records will bear out their thesis.

1. The author believes that, behind the wheel of an automobile, some people act .

A. as though they were uncivilized

B. as though their brain fibers needed cutting

C. as though they wanted to repress (抑制) hostile feeling

D. as though they should change their attitudes from hostility to amicability

2. Dr. MaFarland emphasizes the great menance of accidents by comparing it to .

A. hostile attitudes

B. psychopathic behavior

C. an epidemic

D. antisocial behavior

3. Which of the following statement is true, according to the article？

A. The accident rate will be reduced in the next few years.

B. Motor vehicle registration will cause an increase in accidents in the future.

C. Unless the accident is decreased, ten per cent of the American population will be killed or injured in motor accidents in the next 15 years.

D. There is no hope that the accident rate will decrease during the next 15 years.

4. According to the article, studies at leading universities have shown that accident repeaters .

A. are in trouble with collection agencies

B. cannot be discovered on the basis of generally hostile attitudes

C. drive entirely differently from the way they usually live

D. can be detected in advance

5. According to Dr. McFarland, accident repeaters are .

A. criminally insane

B. neurotic

C. shy

D. borderline psychopathic cases

1. 【答案】A。

【解析】本题要求我们判断作者的观点，第一、二段是判断的依据。人们坐在汽车方向盘后面，所产生的效果就像脑子中的某些纤维被切除了。不管在哪种情形下，其结果是行为变得野蛮了。第二段中的“primitive behavior”也就是“uncivilized behavior”，所以作者认为人们开车时，行为变得不文明。B项意为“他们脑子中的纤维似乎需要切除，这与作者在第一段中表达的意思不一致，C项意为“似乎他们想抑制不友善的情绪”，文中讲，人们在不友善时，往往变得很冲动，C项与此意思正相反。如果人们都能把仇视的态度变为和蔼的态度，那么也就不会有这么多的交通事故，因此D项也不正确。

2. 【答案】C。

【解析】细节判断题。第四段麦克芬兰德博士的原话就是解题依据：“交通事故比疾病更严重地威胁着人们的生命安全。”问题中的关键词是“menance”意为“threat”。在这里博士把交通事故和疾病相比较，因此C项为正确答案。

3. 【答案】C。

【解析】是非判断题。解这类题时根据问题的要求从四个选择答案中找一个与内容相符或不相符的句子。本题要求我们寻找一个与文章内容相符的句子。A项意为“在今后10年中，交通事故率将会有所下降”。交通事故率是否会下降并不是本文讨论的重点，本文讨论的是为什么人们坐在方向盘后行为会变得野蛮、不文明，作者也并没有明确指出这一内容。B项意为“车辆的增多会引起交通事故的上升”。文中第六段讲，按照目前车辆登记的速度，除非事故率减少一半，否则很多人将死于或伤于交通事故，本句意思为除非交通事故率下降，否则随着车辆的增多，交通事故将越来越多。根据文章的内容，引起交通事故的主要原因是人们的驾驶行为不够文明，并不是车辆的增多。车辆的增多也只是意味着或许会有更多不文明的司机。所以司机的行为是最根本的原因，D项意为“在今后15年中交通事故率不可能下降”。本句与A项内容相反，但作者在文中并没有涉及。C项意为“除非交通事故减少，否则将有1/10的美国人在今后15年中死于或伤于交通事故中”。这正符合第六段所阐述内容，为正确答案。

4. 【答案】B。

【解析】细节判断题。文章倒数第二段最后一句是解题依据。研究表明，在没有发生过交通事故的人当中同样有许多不友善的人。人们是否友善并不是常发生交通事故的原因。不友善的人并不等于事故多发者，所以人的态度友不友善，以此为基础，判断不了一个人是否是事故多发者。因此B项为正确答案。

5. 【答案】D。

【解析】文中第八段讲，事故多发者往往是自私自利，好出风头，憎恨政府，易感情冲动，缺乏社会责任感。要分类的话，他们属于那种处于精神变态的边缘。A、B、C项均与以上两句所描述的不符。

The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military？

Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may reposition the product to appeal to new market sections.

Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.

1. According to the passage，when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product，its sales will .

A. decrease gradually B. improve enormously

C. become unstable D. remain at the same level

2. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is .

A. usually introduced to satisfy different tastes

B. often inferior to old ones at first

C. often more expensive than old ones

D. not easily accepted by the public

3. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to .

A. work out marketing policies

B. promote its production

C. increase its popularity

D. speed up its life cycle

4. The author mentions the example of “backpacks”（Line 4，Para.2 ）to show the importance of .

A. increasing usage among students

B. exploring new market sections

C. pleasing the young as well as the old

D. serving both military and civil needs

5. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are .

A. improving product quality

B. modernizing product style

C. repositioning their product in the market

D. increasing product features

答案解析：

1. 【答案】D.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话-题干关键词。根据题干关键词“people grow fond of one particular brand of a product”可以迅速找到本题在原文中的出处——第一段倒数第二句。该句去掉和题干关键词同义的“people became attached to one brand”后所剩的“sales leveled off”就是答案。本题的关键就是要清楚“level off”是“稳定”的意思。因此，正确答案应是D选项。如果不知道“level off”的意思，也可以通过上下文来猜测。根据原文该句后面所跟的括号中“stage of maturity”（成熟期），并结合前后的两个阶段分别是迅速增长期和衰退期，可以判断第三个阶段应当是平稳期。

2. 【答案】D.

【解析】 推断题。第一段以速溶咖啡的销售为例介绍了推出一个新产品通常要经历的四个销售阶段：推出期、增长期、成熟期和衰退期。答案选项中和该段意思相符的是D选项，它指的是在推出期，一个新产品通常并不容易为大家接受。原文中的依据是第一段第二句。

3. 【答案】A.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话—题干关键词。首先根据题干关键词“Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in”找到本题在原文中的出处——第二段第一句。然后去掉该句中和原文同义的部分。这时，该句所剩的“Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies”就是答案所在。这就是销售者需要了解这四个阶段的意义：要相应地调整市场策略。据此可以判断A选项是正确答案。

4. 【答案】B.

【解析】细节题中的例子说明题。可套用公式正确答案≈例子前的一句概述的话。根据题干中给出的位置提示可以轻松地找到本题在原文中的出处——第二段最后一句。这是事例本身。它之前的概述“It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections”就是这个例子要说明的问题。据此可以判断B选项是正确答案。作者举现在年轻人用的背包最初来自军用背包的这个例子来说明销售者要不断寻找新的消费者、开拓新的消费市场的重要性。

5. 【答案】A.

【解析】细节题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中含有题干关键词的一句话—题干关键词。根据很有提示意义的题干关键词“U.S. auto makers”可以迅速找到本题在原文中的出处——最后一段的倒数第二句。该句去掉和题干重复的部分后所剩的“using quality improvement”就是答案所在。据此很容易找到正确答案A选项。在做这道题的时候要特别注意同义替换的现象。题干中用makers替换了原文中的manufacturers；用recover their share of the world market替换了recapture world markets；正确答案用动宾结构替换了原文的名词词组。

Greek civilization came to be founded, in large part, on the ideals of freedom, optimism, secularism, rationalism, the glorification of both body and mind, and a high regard for the dignity and worth of the individual.

Though the ancient Greeks had a great deal of respect for their “gods”, they did not feel they were the slaves of the “gods” or that the “gods” were in control of their lives. Instead, the Greeks came to believe that the thoughts and actions of mankind were determined by human beings. That being the case, the Greeks strove to understand the world and to guide their future by rational and logical thoughts，not by superstitions or emotions. They believed that man was the greatest of creatures on earth and that both the body and the mind should be actively developed and encouraged to grow and become as strong as possible. Finally, the ancient Greeks felt that each separate and different person deserved to be treated fairly and justly. They believed that each person had his own dignity and worthiness that could never be taken away and should never be attacked, assaulted, suppressed, denied, or ignored by anyone else—even the highest of Kings or the most powerful of people.

Their culture was the first in the history of the West to be based upon the primacy of the intellect. They were the first to believe firmly in the supremacy of free inquiry. They investigated any and all subjects without fear and considered no issue or problem beyond the scope of man’ s reason and thought. To them the mind was supreme over faith or dogma and logic, and science was superior to superstition.

1. The main idea of this passage would be .

A. certain ancient Greeks who contributed to the development of Western culture

B. particular individuals among the ancient Greeks who produced peerless intellectual and aesthetic achievements

C. golden heritage of the ancient Greek civilization

D. models of perfection for the culture of the West

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the ancient Greeks were .

A. under the sway of mysticism

B. at the mercy of their passions

C. primarily concerned with human interests and values

D. given to a trust in the power of magical forces

3. The word “strove” in paragraph 3, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to .

A. studied B. learned

C. believed D. endeavored

4. The word “dogma”at the end of the passage is closest in meaning to .

A. tenet B. tenure

C. tenant D. taint

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the ancient Greek civilization .

A. inspired the Western prose literature

B. was the source from which mythology evolved

C. was the origin to which everything western is justifiably traced back

D. still serves as models of perfection for the culture of the West

【短文大意】本文是一篇探讨古希腊文化方面的论说文。文章介绍了古希腊文明对后世文明，尤其是西方文明的深远影响。文中谈及希腊文明的内容，并着重阐述了古希腊人对个人尊严的重视、精神自由的崇尚和对现实理智的追索。

【答案解析】
1. 【答案】C.

【解析】主旨题。可套用主旨≠细节和主旨≠部分内容的排除法做题公式来排除干扰项。文章的中心意思讲的是古希腊文明对后世文明，尤其是西方文明的影响和遗传（heritage），所以应选C。

2. 【答案】C.

【解析】推断题。应从四个选项入手，逐一回查原文中相应信息所在位置，以判断其表述是否与原文相符。本题所要推断的是希腊人对magical power/mysticism和human values和passions的态度问题，这一部分内容集中在第三段。文章中说希腊人虽然十分尊崇他们的神，但并不是神的奴隶，也并不认为他们的命运掌握在神的手中，可见A和D项都不对。相反的，他们重视人自身的力量，相信未来主要是应当通过理性和有逻辑的行动来实现、来创造，而不是被感情所左右，所以B项也不符合题意，正确的选项为C。

3. 【答案】D.

【解析】猜测词义题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中对该词的解释。从原文中找到该词后，根据上下文确定其含义，然后到四个选项中找到它的同义或近义词，并放入原文中看是否适合。原文中说希腊人相信人的思维和行动都掌握在自己的手中，于是他们就努力地认识这个世界，希望通过理性和有逻辑的思想来引导自己的将来。strive to 在这里强调了他们花了时间、付出努力去进行追求，四个选项中endeavor to 表达了相同的意义，所以选D。

4. 【答案】A.

【解析】猜测词义题。可套用公式正确答案≈原文中对该词的解释。从原文中找到该词后，如果是一个生词，可以根据文中用并列或转折等关系做出对该词含义的解释，猜出该词的意思来。然后到选项中找出意思最相近的一项。如果dogma对于你来说是一个生词，可以到原文中去判断它的意思。原文中faith和dogma之间用or来连接，说明两个词之间是并列关系，并且在意思上可以互相替换。因为 dogma是“教条，信条”的意思。虽然四个选项长得很像，但意思大不相同。tenet 与dogma意思相同，即“信条，信念，原则”；tenure指的是“（土地的）租用和占有；（土地的）使用期限”；tenant指的是“房客，租客”；taint指的是“污点”。

5. 【答案】D.

【解析】推断题。应从四个选项入手，逐一回查原文相应信息点，以判断其表述是否与原文相符。A选项涉及的是第一段中关于散文文体的内容。文中提到了散文的例子是为了证明并非所有的西方文化都是来源于古希腊，譬如说散文就是在希腊文化高峰的后期才开始发展的。所以A项不正确。B项无法在原文中找到与之相对应的内容。虽然原文中提到了古希腊的神，但这是为了说明古希腊人不盲目迷信神灵时才提到的，并没有涉及神话的问题。C项与文章第一段第二句的内容正好完全相反，是错误的。文章用很大的篇幅阐述古希腊的人本主义思想，这在今日的西方世界甚至全世界仍然为人们称颂，可见D选项中所说的古希腊文明堪为后世楷模是正确的。

Indeed，the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car: it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences，however good the results. And at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by continuing the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to make the old body active, knowing that it is designed to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide，because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there is life，there is hope.

When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your ability to have fun.

1. It is implied in Para. 1 that _________.

A. very old people enjoy living with their relatives

B. social services have nothing to do with very old people

C. very old people would like to live alone so that they can have more personal freedom

D. very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean

2. Some social workers think that _________.

A. health and safety are more important than personal freedom

B. personal freedom is more important than health and safety

C. old people should keep their rooms clean

D. one should not take risks dealing with old people

3. In the author’s opinion, _________.

A. the human body can’t be compared to a car

B. the older a person，the more care he needs

C. too much emphasis has been put on old people’s values

D. it is easy to provide spare parts for old people

4. The word “it” in the last paragraph refers to _________.

A. the conclusion you have come to

B. whether age is happy or unpleasant

C. your talk to the old people

D. one’s money or one’s health

5. The author thinks that _________.

A. medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctors

B. old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich

C. the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is doubtful

D. it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death

答案解析：

文章主要内容：在对待老人的问题上存在着道德上的两难：要尊重他们选择独自生活的自由就要冒着不顾他们身体健康和生命安全的危险；要维持他们注定要死去的生命就不得不让他们忍受肉体的痛苦。老年人的快乐与否主要靠的是获得快乐的能力，金钱或健康对此帮助并不大。

1．【答案】C

【解析】文章第一段中说，老人的价值观与我们的价值观是不一样的。身体的舒服、整洁对他们来说并不重要。由此我们可以推断，如果老人与年轻人生活在一起，他们会感受到许多不便，因为年轻人与他们不同，年轻人喜欢舒服和整洁。因此老人，特别是年龄非常大的人喜欢独自生活，因为这样他们能有更多的个人自由。

2.【答案】 A

【解析】文中第一段最后一句说：“一些清理蠕虫的社会工作者认为，在这一点上使用个人自由这个概念是危险的，因为这意味着我们要冒着置老人的身体健康和生命安全于不顾的危险。”由此我们可以推断：这些社会工作者认为身体健康和生命安全比个人自由更重要。所以选项A正确。

3.【答案】 A

【解析】文中第二段第四句说：“但是永远不要忘了这样的手术都是令人非常痛苦的经历，无论最后取得了多么好的疗效。”由此可以看出，作者虽然在第二段第二句中把身体比喻成一辆汽车，当它变老时需要机械维护。但汽车是无生命的，而人的身体是有强烈感受的，所以不能像替换汽车零件那样替换人的身体组织，在这点上人体与汽车有着严格的不同。由此我们可以看出，人体不能与汽车相比才是作者的真实观点。

4.【答案】 B

【解析】文中最后一段说：“然而，当你与老人交谈时，你就不得不得出这样一个结论：晚年的快乐与否更多地依赖你获得快乐的能力，而靠钱和健康获得的快乐并不多。”在这里“it”一词应指代“whether age is happy or unpleasant”，因为这里由“that”一词引导的同位语从句是两个比较句，这两个比较句的句子结构应是相同的，主语都应是“whether”一词引导的主语从句。

5.【答案】 C

【解析】这是一道推断题。此文主要说明我们在对待老人的问题上存在着两难：尊重他们的自由就顾及不了他们的健康；极力挽救他们的生命就要让他们忍受巨大的肉体痛苦。两难的根本原因就是文中第一段所交代的：老人的价值观与我们的价值观不同。所以作者对我们应该用所有可能的方法去挽救老年人的生命这一观点是持怀疑态度的。

清华在线同等学力申硕专家组表示，据不完全统计，每年都有相当大比例的同等学力申硕考生最终没有走进考场。这说明，还是有相当一部分考生因为考前没有充分准备，在考试的最后时刻不得不非常遗憾地放弃。

做好心理和复习双重准备

第一步，要坚定申硕的决心，一心一意复习备考，不为外部因素打扰。很多同等学力申硕的考生都有这样的情况：或者工作任务繁重，或者面临职业晋升关键时期，甚至是找工作，往往容易对考试犹豫不决，复习也一拖再拖，断断续续。目前离考试只有不到50天，要想保证60分的成绩，避免拖延和耽搁非常重要。

第二步，找到自己最佳的复习时间，保证较高的复习效率。考生要尽量找到自己效率最高的时间段，并且围绕最佳复习时间，安排学习计划，做到劳逸结合，提高时间的利用率。在职考生通过网络进行学习，刚好可以充分利用在线教育不受时间地点限制的特点，选择在自己精力最旺盛、记忆效果最好的时候，及时投入到学习当中去，以最少的时间解决更多的复习任务。

第三步，找出自己的差距和不足，有的放矢。在复习中，归纳常考的知识点、重点和难点，及时查漏补缺，对于最后通过考试非常关键。